Allaxys Communications --- Transponder V --- Allaxys Forum 1
FRAUENPOWER! => ~~~ FRAUENPOWER! ~~~ => Topic started by: Yulli on February 08, 2014, 03:08:56 PM
-
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_von_Chemikerinnen
[*quote*]
A
Barbara Albert (Chemikerin) (* 1966), Prof. an der TU Darmstadt, Festkörperchemie, 2012/13 Präsidentin der GDCh
Katharina Al-Shamery, Prof. für Physikalische Chemie in Oldenburg
Frances H. Arnold (* 1956), Prof. am Caltech, Biochemie, Gerichtete Evolution
Ruth Arnon (* 1933), eigentlich Immunologin, Prof. am Weizmann Institut, synthetische Antigene, Medikament gegen Multiple Sklerose (Copaxone)
B
Jacqueline Barton (* 1952), Prof. am Caltech, DNA-Chemie
Marianne Baudler (1921–2003), Prof. für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie in Köln
Annette Beck-Sickinger (* 1960), Biochemie, Prof. in Leipzig.
Margot Becke-Goehring (1914–2009), Professorin in Heidelberg und 1966 erste Rektorin einer Hochschule in Westdeutschland
Ruth Benerito (1916–2013), Forschungszentrum des US-Landwirtschaftsministeriums in New Orleans, knitterfeste Baumwolle
Ruth Benesch (1925–2000), untersuchte mit ihrem Mann Reinhold Benesch wie Hämoglobin Sauerstoff im Körper freisetzt (hoher Kohlendioxidgehalt als Auslöser).
Pamela J. Bjorkman (* 1956), Prof. am Caltech, Röntgenkristallographie des Haupthistokompatibilitätskomplex (MHC)
Silvia Braslavsky (* 1942), MPI für Strahlenchemie, befasst sich mit Photochemie
Edith Bülbring (1903–1990), deutschstämmige Pharmakologin in Oxford
C
Sylvia T. Ceyer (* 1953), Prof. am MIT, Physikalische Chemie, Oberflächenchemie
Asima Chatterjee (1917–2006), indische Chemikerin, Prof. in Kalkutta, Alkaloide
Uma Chowdhry, CTO von DuPont[1]
Mildred Cohn (1913–2009), Biochemikerin, erhielt die National Medal of Science, Einsatz von NMR für das Studium von Enzymreaktionen, besonders mit ATP
Gerty Cori (1896–1957), Nobelpreis für Physiologie und Medizin 1947, Biochemie, wichtige Arbeiten zum Zucker-Stoffwechsel, teilweise mit ihrem Mann Carl Ferdinand Cori
Erika Cremer (1900–1996), Professorin in Innsbruck, entwickelte die Adsorptionsgaschromatographie
Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin (1910–1994), Nobelpreis für Chemie 1964, Röntgenstrukturanalyse komplexer Biomoleküle wie Insulin
Marie Curie (1867–1934), Nobelpreis für Physik 1903 und für Chemie 1911, Radiochemie
D
Margaret Oakley Dayhoff (1925–1983), Prof. an der Georgetown University, Theoretische Chemie, Pionierin der Bioinformatik
Birgit Drießen-Hölscher (1964–2004), Prof. in Paderborn, homogene Katalyse
E
Anna Carina Eichhorn (* 1972), Biochemie, Gründerin einer Firma zur (privaten) DNA-Analyse
Ingeborg Eichler (1923–2008), Pharmakologin, setzte in Österreich die Verschreibungspflicht für Contergan durch und konnte so die Folgen des Contergan-Skandals in Österreich stark eingrenzen
Gertrude Belle Elion (1918–1999), Pharmakologin, Nobelpreis, an den Wellcome Laboratorien an vielen bedeutenden Medikamentenentwicklungen beteiligt
F
Marga Faulstich (1915–1998), optische Gläser bei Schott in Jena und Mainz
Liselotte Feikes (* 1923), Umweltchemikerin, entwickelte bei den Carl-Freudenberg-Werken in Weinheim Verfahren zur Abwasser-Reinigung unter anderem für Gerbereien
Claudia Felser (* 1962), Prof. in Mainz, Materialwissenschaften
Mary Fieser (1909–1997), Organische Chemie, schrieb bekannte Lehrbücher mit ihrem Ehemann Louis Fieser
Edith M. Flanigen (* 1929), Zeolith-Forschung, Chemikerin bei Union Carbide, synthetische Smaragde, erhielt als erste Frau die Perkin Medal
Joanna Fowler (* 1942), Kernchemie, Neurowissenschaften, entwickelte Tracer für Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie des Gehirns
Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), Röntgenkristallographie von DNA, ihre Messergebnisse ermöglichten James D. Watson und Francis Crick ihren Durchbruch, waren aber ohne Wissen von Franklin, die beim Nobelpreis an Watson und Crick leer ausging, diesen zugänglich gemacht worden.
Anna-Charlotte Frölich (* 1907), verstorben, Abteilungsleiterin Chemie KWI Tierzuchtforschung
G
Marika Geldmacher-von Mallinckrodt (* 1923), forensische Toxikologin, Professorin in Erlangen. Klärte Abbau von E 605 (Parathion) im Körper, früher ein beliebtes Gift
Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), norwegische Chemikerin, Assistentin bei Marie Curie
Mary L. Good (* 1931), 1955 an der Univ. of Arkansas promoviert, Prof. an der Louisiana State University und der Univ. of New Orleans und dann in der chemischen Industrie, Präsidentenberaterin (1988 bis 1991 Vorstand des National Science Board), Priestley Medal, Anorganische Chemie, Mößbauerspektroskopie, Abfallbehandlung
Arda Green (1899–1958), Biochemie, Entdeckung Serotonin
H
Angela Hartley Brodie (* 1934), Biochemie, Mittel gegen Brustkrebs (Aromatase-Hemmer)
Andrea Hartwig (* 1958), Lebensmittelchemie, Prof. in Karlsruhe, MAK-Wertekommission
Henrike Heise (* 1971), Prof. in Düsseldorf, Metallorganische Chemie
Hildegard Hess (* 1920), Berlin, promovierte Lebensmittelchemikerin, erste freie Handelschemikerin in Deutschland und und Leiterin eines eigenen Labors
Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994), Nobelpreis für Chemie 1964, Biochemikerin, Röntgenstrukturanalyse wichtiger biologischer Moleküle wie Insulin, Vitamin B 12
Darleane C. Hoffman (* 1926), Kernchemie, Prof. in Berkeley, Priestley Medal
M. Katharine Holloway (* 1957), entwickelte wie Chen Zhao Protease-Inhibitoren, wichtig als Aids-Medikament
Luise Holzapfel (1900–1963), Abteilungsleiterin am KWI/MPI für Silikatforschung
I
Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), promovierte Chemikerin und Ehefrau von Fritz Haber, die sich aus Protest gegen seine Beteiligung an Giftgasentwicklung erschoss
J
Emilie Jäger (1926–2011), Prof. Universität Bern, radioaktive Altersbestimmung in der Geologie
Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), Tochter von Marie Curie und ebenfalls als Kernphysikerin mit ihrem Mann Frédéric Joliot-Curie bekannt, mit dem sie 1935 den Nobelpreis erhielt.
K
Isabella Karle (* 1921), Naval Research Laboratory, Röntgenkristallographie zur Strukturaufklärung komplexer Verbindungen, mit Jerome Karle verheiratet
Ora Kedem (* 1924), Prof. Physikal. Chemie Weizmann-Institut, Transportprozesse über Membranen, Meerwasserentsalzung
Frances Oldham Kelsey (* 1918), Pharmakologin, verzögerte lange die Freigabe von Contergan in den USA, so dass sich dort der Contergan-Skandal in relativen Grenzen hielt
Maria Kobel (1897–1996), Abteilungsleiterin am KWI für Biochemie, Ferment-Forschung
Gertrud Kornfeld (1891–1955), habilitierte sich als einzige Frau an einer Universität in Deutschland in der Zeit der Weimarer Republik, als Jüdin zur Emigration gezwungene.
Maria-Regina Kula (* 1937), Prof. in Düsseldorf. Biokatalysatoren über gentechnisch optimierte Enzyme (teilweise mit Martina Pohl)
Stephanie Kwolek (* 1923), erfand Kevlar bei DuPont.
L
Marie Lavoisier (1759–1836), mit Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier verheiratet, später mit Count Rumford, arbeitete mit Lavoisier an dessen Experimenten zusammen
Julija Wsewolodowna Lermontowa (1847–1919), erste Frau die in Chemie promovierte (Göttingen 1874).
Chava Lifshitz (1936–2005), Prof. Hebräische Universität Jerusalem, Massenspektrometrie, Ionen in Gasphase
Maria Lipp (1892–1966), Prof. in Aachen, Organische Chemie
Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971), Pionierin der Röntgenkristallographie, wies so die planar-hexagonale Benzolstruktur nach.
M
Maria die Jüdin, antike Alchemistin
Margaret Maltby (1860–1944), Physikal. Chemie, Columbia University (Barnard College), Frauenrechtlerin
Judith McKenzie, Geochemie, Prof. an der ETH Zürich
Maud Menten (1879–1960), kanadische Biochemikerin, Enzymkinetik (Michaelis-Menten-Theorie)
Maria-Elisabeth Michel-Beyerle (* 1935), Prof. für Physikalische Chemie TU München. Ladungstransfer in biologischen Systemen.
Elizabeth C. Miller (1920–1987), Prof. Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, Biochemie, forschte über Karzinogene
Nell I. Mondy (1921–2005), Lebensmittelchemie, besonders zur Kartoffel
Elizabeth Monroe Boggs (1913–1996), Physikalische Chemie, grundlegende Arbeiten mit John G. Kirkwood
N
Ida Noddack (1896–1978), Kernphysik, Kernchemie, Mit-Entdeckerin von Rhenium
P
Marguerite Perey (1909–1975), Assistentin von Marie Curie, Entdeckung Francium, als erste Frau in Academie des Sciences
Sigrid Peyerimhoff (* 1937), Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie, Professorin in Mainz und Bonn
Barbara von Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Neuburg (1559–1618), Alchemistin
Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), Oberflächenchemie, auch Physikerin
Martina Pohl (* 1961), Prof. in Düsseldorf, gentechnisch optimierte Enzyme als Biokatalysatoren teilweise mit Maria-Regina Kula
R
Margit T. Rätzsch (* 1934), studierte Physikerin. Physikalische Chemie, Professorin und zeitweise Rektorin an der TH Leuna-Merseburg. Mitglied der Akademie der Wiss. der DDR und Trägerin der August v. Kekulé Medaille
Elsa Reichmanis (* 1953), 1975 an der Syracuse Univ. in Organischer Chemie promoviert, Prof. Georgia Institute of Technology, Chemieingenieurin, Mikrolithografie für Chipindustrie, Perkin Medal
Geraldine Richmond (* 1953), Prof. an der Univ. of Oregon, Oberflächenchemie, Physikalische Chemie
S
Gabriele Sadowski (* 1964), Prof. in Dortmund, Thermodynamik von Polymeren
Brigitte Sarry (* 1920), Prof. TU Berlin, Metallorganische Chemie
Monika Schäfer-Korting (* 1952), Pharmakologie, Prof. FU Berlin
Renée Schroeder (* 1953), Max-Perutz Laboratorien Wien, Biochemie der RNA
Anne Shymer (1879–1915), Gründerin einer Chemiefirma (Desinfektions- und Bleichmittel), sank mit der Lusitania
Anne Spang (* 1967), Biochemie, Prof. in Basel, intrazellulärer Transport
Anne-Marie Staub (1914–2012), Biochemie, Immunchemie, Pharmakologie, Pasteur Institut Paris, an der Entwicklung der ersten Antihistaminika beteiligt
Joan A. Steitz (* 1941), Prof. in Yale, Biochemie, RNA-Splicing
JoAnne Stubbe (* 1946), Prof. am MIT, Biochemie, Ribonukleotidreduktasen u.a.
V
Marthe Louise Vogt (1903–2003), Neuropharmakologin, wirkte in Edinburgh und Cambridge
W
Dorothea Juliana Wallich, 18. Jahrhundert, sächsische Alchemistin
Winifred Watkins (1924–2003), Biochemie, Lister Institut und Prof. am Imperial College, Blutgruppen-Antigene
Edith Weyde (1901–1989), Photo-Pionierin, Schnellkopierverfahren Copyrapid, wichtige Beiträge zur Farbfotografie
Gertrud Woker (1878–1968), erste Privatdozentin für Chemie an einer deutschsprachigen Universität, außerordentliche Professorin in Bern, auch als Pazifistin und Frauenrechtlerin bekannt
Margarete von Wrangell (1877–1932), seit 1923 Professorin an der Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule Hohenheim und Leiterin des Instituts für Pflanzenernährung. Damit war sie die erste ordentliche Professorin an einer deutschen Hochschule.
Y
Rosalyn Yalow (1921–2011), Nobelpreis für Medizin 1977, eigentlich Physikerin, entwickelte Radioimmunoassay
Lesley Yellowlees (* 1953), Anorganische Chemie, Prof. in Edinburgh, ab 2012 erste Präsidentin der Royal Society of Chemistry
Ada Yonath (* 1939), Strukturchemie, Nobelpreis für Chemie 2009
Tu Youyou (* 1930), Pharmakologin, isolierte Anti-Malaria-Mittel Artemisinin in China
Historikerinnen
Betty Jo Teeter Dobbs (1930-1994), Alchemie-Geschichte, besonders Isaac Newton, Sarton Medaille
Marie Boas Hall (1919-2009), 17. Jahrhundert, besonders Robert Boyle, Sarton Medaille
Erika Hickel (* 1934), Pharmaziehistorikerin
Mary Jo Nye (* 1944), Prof. Oregon State University, Chemiegeschichte, Sarton Medaille
Irene Strube (* 1929), Chemiehistorikerin, Sudhoff-Institut Leipzig
Weblinks
Chemikerinnen- es gab und gibt sie, pdf, Broschüre GDCh
Einzelnachweise
Hochspringen ↑ Women in Chemistry, Chemical Heritage Foundation
[*/quote*]
[Marker. Rhokia]
-
YEAH!
[*quote*]
Stephanie Kwolek
Inventor of Kevlar®
[...]
Kwolek's research efforts have resulted in her being the recipient or co-recipient of 17 U.S. patents. This noted woman inventor also has received such prestigious accolades as the Kilby Award, the National Medal of Technology and the 1999 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award.
[*/quote*]
MORE:
http://www.women-inventors.com/Stephanie-Kwolek.asp
-
Read the fulltext.
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol2/QQLA/TC-QQLA-28212.pdf
[*quote*]
ANNE-SOPHIE POULIN-GIRARD
BANC DE CARACTERISATION POUR LENTILLES PANORAMIQUES
Mémoire présenté
à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval
dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en physique
pour l'obtention du grade de Maître es sciences (M.Sc.)
DEPARTEMENT DE PHYSIQUE, DE GENIE PHYSIQUE ET D'OPTIQUE
FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES ET DE GÉNIE
UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL
QUÉBEC
2011
Anne-Sophie Poulin-Girard, 2011
[...]
[*/quote*]
-
[*quote*]
Discover Magazine
Science That Matters
The Sciences
The 50 Most Important Women in Science
It was a challenge to narrow it down to 50.
By Kathy A SvitilNov 1, 2002 7:00 AM
rosalind franklin - CCBY
Rosalind Franklin (Credit: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology)
Newsletter
Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news
Three percent of tenured professors of physics in this country are women. Nonetheless, a woman physicist stopped light in her lab at Harvard. Another woman runs the linear accelerator at Stanford. A woman discovered the first evidence for dark matter. A woman found the top quark. The list doesn't stop there, but the point is clear.
Three years ago, Discover started a project to look into the question of how women fare in science. We knew there were large numbers of female researchers doing remarkable work, and we asked associate editor Kathy A. Svitil to talk to them. The result of her investigation is a selection of 50 of the most extraordinary women across all the sciences. Their achievements are detailed here.
To read their stories is to understand how important it is that the barriers facing women in science be broken down as quickly and entirely as possible. If just one of these women had gotten fed up and quit — as many do — the history of science would have been impoverished. Even the women who have stuck with it, even those who have succeeded spectacularly, still report that being a woman in this intensely male world is, at best, challenging and, at worst, downright disheartening. It will take goodwill and hard work to make science a good choice for a woman, but it is an effort at which we cannot afford to fail. The next Einstein or the next Pasteur may be alive right now — and she might be thinking it's not worth the hassle.
Ruzena Bajcsy
Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley
50_bajcsy.jpg
In 1979 Bajcsy helped create robots that could sense and respond to their environment. She now heads an innovative institute where researchers develop smart low-power sensors that both compute and communicate. Bajcsy believes the sensors will be "the next revolution in technology." They can monitor energy consumption in buildings, watch for forest fires, or keep tabs on people by, for example, calling 911 if a person with Alzheimer's disease wanders from his home.
[*/quote*]
mehr:
https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-50-most-important-women-in-science
-
Das muß man gelesen haben!
https://www.thoughtco.com/famous-women-scientists-3528329
[*quote*]
Humanities › History & Culture
Get to Know These 91 Famous Female Scientists
Notable Female Pioneers in Science, Medicine, and Math
Share
Flipboard
Email
Maria Mitchell and students, about 1870
Maria Mitchell and students, about 1870. Interim Archives/Getty Images
History and Culture
History & Culture
Women's History
Important Figures
History Of Feminism
Key Events
Women's Suffrage
Women & War
Laws & Womens Rights
Feminist Texts
American History
African American History
African History
Ancient History and Culture
Asian History
European History
Genealogy
View More
By Jone Johnson Lewis
Updated on December 13, 2019
Women have made major contributions to the sciences for centuries. Yet surveys repeatedly show that most people can only name a few—often just one or two—female scientists. But if you look around, you'll see evidence of their work everywhere, from the clothing we wear to the X-rays used in hospitals.
01
of 91
Joy Adamson (Jan. 20, 1910-Jan. 3, 1980)
Joy Adamson
Roy Dumont / Hulton Archive / Getty Images
Joy Adamson was a noted conservationist and author who lived in Kenya in the 1950s. After her husband, a game warden, shot and killed a lioness, Adamson rescued one of the orphaned cubs. She later wrote Born Free about raising the cub, named Elsa, and releasing her back to the wild. The book was an international best-seller and earned Adamson acclaim for her conservation efforts.
02
of 91
Maria Agnesi (May 16, 1718-Jan. 9, 1799)
Mathematician Maria Gaetana Agnesi
Mathematician Maria Gaetana Agnesi. Bettmann/Getty Images
Maria Agnesi wrote the first mathematics book by a woman that still survives and was a pioneer in the field of calculus. She was also the first woman appointed as a mathematics professor, though she never formally held the position.
03
of 91
Agnodice (4th century BCE)
The Acropolis of Athens viewed from the Hill of the Muses
The Acropolis of Athens viewed from the Hill of the Muses. Carole Raddato, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Agnodice (sometimes known as Agnodike) was a physician and gynecologist practicing in Athens. Legend has it that she had to dress as a man because it was illegal for women to practice medicine.
04
of 91
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (June 9, 1836-Dec. 17, 1917)
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson - about 1875
Frederick Hollyer/Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson was the first woman to successfully complete the medical qualifying exams in Great Britain and the first woman physician in Great Britain. She was also an advocate of women's suffrage and women's opportunities in higher education and became the first woman in England elected as mayor.
05
of 91
Mary Anning (May 21, 1799-March 9, 1847)
Mary Anning and her fossils
Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images
Self-taught paleontologist Mary Anning was a British fossil hunter and collector. At age 12 she had found, with her brother, a complete ichthyosaur skeleton, and later made other major discoveries. Louis Agassiz named two fossils for her. Because she was a woman, the Geological Society of London would not permit her to make any presentation about her work.
06
of 91
Virginia Apgar (June 7, 1909-Aug. 7, 1974)
Portrait of Dr. Virginia Apgar Smiling
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Virginia Apgar was a physician best known for her work in obstetrics and anesthesia. She developed the Apgar Newborn Scoring System, which became widely used to assess a newborn's health, and also studied the use of anesthesia on babies. Apgar also helped refocus the March of Dimes organization from polio to birth defects.
07
of 91
Elizabeth Arden (Dec. 31, 1884-Oct. 18, 1966)
Elizabeth Arden, about 1939
Underwood Archives / Archive Photos / Getty Images
Elizabeth Arden was the founder, owner, and operator of Elizabeth Arden, Inc., a cosmetics and beauty corporation. At the beginning of her career, she formulated the products that she then manufactured and sold.
08
of 91
Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey (Aug. 8, 1863-Sept. 22, 1948)
Image from page 34 of "A-birding on a bronco" (1896)
Image from Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey's book "A-birding on a bronco" (1896). Internet Archive Book Images, Flickr
A nature writer and ornithologist, Florence Bailey popularized natural history and wrote a number of books about birds and ornithology, including several popular bird guides.
09
of 91
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi (Born July 30, 1947)
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
Graham Denholm / Getty Images
French biologist Francoise Barre-Sinoussi helped identify HIV as the cause of AIDS. She shared the Nobel Prize in 2008 with her mentor, Luc Montagnier, for their discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
10
of 91
Clara Barton (Dec. 25, 1821-April 12, 1912)
Clara Barton
SuperStock / Getty Images
Clara Barton is famous for her Civil War service and as the founder of the American Red Cross. A self-taught nurse, she is credited with spearheading the civilian medical response to the carnage of the Civil War, directing much of the nursing care and regularly leading drives for supplies. Her work after the war led to the founding of the Red Cross in the United States.
11
of 91
Florence Bascom (July 14, 1862-June 18, 1945)
Florence Bascom, Portrait
JHU Sheridan Libraries/Gado / Getty Images
Florence Bascom was the first woman hired by the United States Geological Survey, the second American woman to earn a Ph.D. in geology, and the second woman elected to the Geological Society of America. Her main work was in studying the geomorphology of the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont region. Her work with petrographic techniques is still influential today.
12
of 91
Laura Maria Caterina Bassi (Oct. 31, 1711-Feb. 20, 1778)
Blue water drop splashing agains water surface
Daniel76 / Getty Images
Professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, Laura Bassi is most famous for her teaching and experiments in Newtonian physics. She was appointed in 1745 to a group of academics by the future Pope Benedict XIV.
13
of 91
Patricia Era Bath (Nov. 4, 1942-May 30, 2019)
Young woman having eye test
Zero Creatives / Getty Images
Patricia Era Bath was a pioneer in the field of community ophthalmology, a branch of public health. She founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. She was the first African-American woman physician to receive a medical-related patent, for a device improving the use of lasers to remove cataracts. She was also the first Black resident in ophthalmology at New York University and the first Black woman staff surgeon at UCLA Medical Center.
14
of 91
Ruth Benedict (June 5, 1887-Sept. 17, 1948)
Ruth Benedict
Bettmann / Getty Images
Ruth Benedict was an anthropologist who taught at Columbia, following in the footsteps of her mentor, anthropology pioneer Franz Boas. She both carried on and extended his work with her own. Ruth Benedict wrote Patterns of Culture and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. She also wrote "The Races of Mankind," a World War II pamphlet for the troops showing that racism was not grounded in scientific reality.
15
of 91
Ruth Benerito (Jan. 12, 1916-Oct. 5, 2013)
Clean laundry
Tetra Images / Getty Images
Ruth Benerito perfected permanent-press cotton, a method of making cotton clothing wrinkle-free without ironing and without treating the surface of the completed fabric. She held many patents for processes to treat fibers so that they would produce wrinkle-free and durable clothing. She worked for the United States Department of Agriculture for much of her career.
16
of 91
Elizabeth Blackwell (Feb. 3, 1821-May 31, 1910)
First American Woman Physician Eleizabeth Blackwell
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States and one of the first advocates for women pursuing a medical education. A native of Great Britain, she traveled frequently between the two nations and was active in social causes in both countries.
17
of 91
Elizabeth Britton (Jan. 9, 1858-Feb. 25, 1934)
New York Botanical Garden
Barry Winker / Photodisc / Getty Images
Elizabeth Britton was an American botanist and philanthropist who helped organize the creation of the New York Botanical Garden. Her research on lichens and mosses laid the foundation for conservation work in the field.
18
of 91
Harriet Brooks (July 2, 1876-April 17, 1933)
The Fission
Amith Nag Photography / Getty Images
Harriet Brooks was Canada's first nuclear scientist who worked for a while with Marie Curie. She lost a position at Barnard College when she became engaged, by university policy; she later broke that engagement, worked in Europe for a while, and then left science to marry and raise a family.
19
of 91
Annie Jump Cannon (Dec. 11, 1863-April 13, 1941)
First hired by Harvard College Observatory to carry out astronomical calculations, Annie Jump Cannon (1863-1941) eventually became one of the foremost American astronomers, known especially for her work on variable stars. This photograph shows her at her desk at the observatory.
Smithsonian Institution from United States/Wikimedia Commons via Flickr/Public Domain
Annie Jump Cannon was the first woman to earn a scientific doctorate awarded at Oxford University. An astronomer, she worked on classifying and cataloging stars, discovering five novae.
20
of 91
Rachel Carson (May 27, 1907-April 14, 1964)
Rachel Carson
Stock Montage / Getty Images
An environmentalist and biologist, Rachel Carson is credited with establishing the modern ecological movement. Her study of the effects of synthetic pesticides, documented in the book Silent Spring, led to the eventual banning of the chemical DDT.
21
of 91
Émilie du Châtelet (Dec. 17, 1706-Sept. 10, 1749)
Bright sunshine glare against blue sky
Image by Marie LaFauci / Getty Images
Émilie du Châtelet is known as the lover of Voltaire, who encouraged her study of mathematics. She worked to explore and explain Newtonian physics, arguing that heat and light were related and against the phlogiston theory then current.
22
of 91
Cleopatra the Alchemist (1st century A.D.)
Alchemy
Realeoni / Getty Images
Cleopatra's writing documents chemical (alchemical) experiments, noted for the drawings of chemical apparatus used. She is reputed to have documented weights and measurements carefully, in writings that were destroyed with the persecution of the Alexandrian alchemists in the 3rd century.
23
of 91
Anna Comnena (1083-1148)
Medieval woman writing
dra_schwartz / Getty Images
Anna Comnena was the first woman known to write a history; she also wrote about science, mathematics, and medicine.
24
of 91
Gerty T. Cori (Aug. 15, 1896-Oct. 26, 1957)
Carl and Gerty Cori
Science History Institute, Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)
Gerty T. Cori was awarded the 1947 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology. She helped scientists understand the body's metabolism of sugars and carbohydrates, and later illnesses where such metabolism was disrupted, and the role of enzymes in that process.
25
of 91
Eva Crane (June 12, 1912-Sept. 6, 2007)
Beekeeping And Honey Production
Ian Forsyth / Getty Images
Eva Crane founded and served as the director of the International Bee Research Association from 1949 to 1983. She originally trained in mathematics and obtained her doctorate in nuclear physics. She became interested in studying bees after someone gave her a gift of a bee swarm as a wedding present.
26
of 91
Annie Easley (April 23, 1933-June 25, 2011)
Annie Easley
NASA website. [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Annie Easley was part of the team that developed software for the Centaur rocket stage. She was a mathematician, computer scientist, and rocket scientist, one of the few African Americans in her field, and a pioneer in the use of the first computers.
27
of 91
Gertrude Bell Elion (Jan. 23, 1918-April 21, 1999)
Nobel Prize winners, Dr Hitchings and Dr Elion
Unknown/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-4.0
Gertrude Elion is known for discovering many medications, including medications for HIV/AIDS, herpes, immunity disorders, and leukemia. She and her colleague George H. Hitchings were awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1988.
28
of 91
Marie Curie (Nov. 7, 1867-July 4, 1934)
Marie Curie - portrait of the French scientist, pioneer in the fields of radiation, radioactivity and radiology, working in her laboratory in Sorbonne, Paris 1898.
Culture Club / Getty Images
Marie Curie was the first scientist to isolate polonium and radium; she established the nature of radiation and beta rays. She was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person to be honored in two different scientific disciplines: physics (1903) and chemistry (1911). Her work led to the development of the X-ray and research into atomic particles.
29
of 91
Alice Evans (Jan. 29, 1881-Sept. 5, 1975)
Alice Evans
Library of Congress/Public Domain
Alice Catherine Evans, working as a research bacteriologist with the Department of Agriculture, discovered that brucellosis, a disease in cows, could be transmitted to human beings, especially to those who drank raw milk. Her discovery eventually led to pasteurization of milk. She was also the first woman to serve as president of the American Society for Microbiology.
30
of 91
Dian Fossey (Jan. 16, 1932-Dec. 26, 1985)
Dian Fossey
Fanny Schertzer/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-3.0
Primatologist Dian Fossey is remembered for her study of mountain gorillas and her work to preserve habitat for gorillas in Rwanda and Congo. Her work and murder by poachers were documented in the 1985 film Gorillas in the Mist.
31
of 91
Rosalind Franklin (July 25, 1920-April 16, 1958)
Rosalind Franklin had a key role (largely unacknowledged during her lifetime) in discovering the helical structure of DNA. Her work in X-ray diffraction led to the first photograph of the double helix structure, but she did not receive credit when Francis Crick, James Watson, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for their shared research.
32
of 91
Sophie Germain (April 1, 1776-June 27, 1831)
Sculpture of Sophie Germain
Stock Montage / Archive Photos / Getty Images
Sophie Germain's work in number theory is foundational to the applied mathematics used in the construction of skyscrapers today, and her mathematical physics to the study of elasticity and acoustics. She was also the first woman not related to a member by marriage to attend Academie des Sciences meetings and the first woman invited to attend sessions at the Institut de France.
33
of 91
Lillian Gilbreth (May 24, 1876-Jan. 2, 1972)
Dr. Lillian M. Gilbreth Sitting
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Lillian Gilbreth was an industrial engineer and consultant who studied efficiency. With responsibility for running a household and raising 12 children, especially after her husband's death in 1924, she established the Motion Study Institute in her home, applying her learning both to business and to the home. She also worked on rehabilitation and adaptation for the disabled. Two of her children wrote of their family life in Cheaper by the Dozen.
34
of 91
Alessandra Giliani (1307-1326)
Blood vessel with blood cells, illustration
KATERYNA KON/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Alessandra Giliani was reputedly the first to use the injection of colored fluids to trace blood vessels. She was the only known female prosecutor in medieval Europe.
35
of 91
Maria Goeppert Mayer (June 18, 1906-Feb. 20, 1972)
Maria Goeppert Mayer
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
A mathematician and physicist, Maria Goeppert Mayer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for her work on the nuclear shell structure.
36
of 91
Winifred Goldring (Feb. 1, 1888-Jan. 30, 1971)
High Angle View Of Nautilus Fossils Table
Douglas Vigon / EyeEm / Getty Images
Winifred Goldring worked on research and education in paleontology and published several handbooks on the topic for laypeople and for professionals. She was the first woman president of the Paleontological Society.
37
of 91
Jane Goodall (Born April 3, 1934)
Jane Goodall, 1974
Fotos International/Getty Images
Primatologist Jane Goodall is known for her chimpanzee observation and research at Gombe Stream Reserve in Africa. She is considered the world's leading expert on chimps and has long been an advocate for the conservation of endangered primate populations around the world.
38
of 91
B. Rosemary Grant (Born Oct. 8, 1936)
With her husband, Peter Grant, Rosemary Grant has studied evolution in action through Darwin's finches. A book about their work won a Pulitzer Prize in 1995.
39
of 91
Alice Hamilton (Feb. 27, 1869-Sept. 22, 1970)
Bryn Mawr Holds 51st Commencement
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Alice Hamilton was a physician whose time at Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago, led her to study and write about industrial health and medicine, working especially with occupational diseases, industrial accidents, and industrial toxins.
40
of 91
Anna Jane Harrison (Dec. 23, 1912-Aug. 8, 1998)
Amerian Chemical Society
By Bureau of Engraving and Printing; Imaging by jphill19 (U.S. Post Office) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Anna Jane Harrison was the first woman elected as president of the American Chemical Society and the first woman Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Missouri. With limited opportunities to apply her doctorate, she taught at Tulane's women's college, Sophie Newcomb College, then after war work with the National Defense Research Council, at Mount Holyoke College. She was a popular teacher, won a number of awards as a science educator, and contributed to research on ultraviolet light.
41
of 91
Caroline Herschel (March 16, 1750-Jan. 9, 1848)
Meteor in night sky falling over ocean
Pete Saloutos / Getty Images
Caroline Herschel was the first woman to discover a comet. Her work with her brother, William Herschel, led to the discovery of the planet Uranus.
42
of 91
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
Hildegard of Bingen
Heritage Images / Getty Images
Hildegard of Bingen, a mystic or prophet and visionary, wrote books on spirituality, visions, medicine, and nature, as well as composing music and carrying out correspondences with many notables of the day.
43
of 91
Grace Hopper (Dec. 9, 1906-Jan. 1, 1992)
Computer Scientist and Navy Officer Grace Murray Hopper
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Grace Hopper was a computer scientist in the United States Navy whose ideas led to the development of the widely used computer language COBOL. Hopper rose to the rank of rear admiral and served as a private consultant to Digital Corp. until her death.
44
of 91
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy (Born July 11, 1946)
Gibbon and baby orangutan face to face
Daniel Hernanz Ramos / Getty Images
Sarah Blaffer Hrdy is a primatologist who has studied the evolution of primate social behavior, with special attention on the role of women and mothers in evolution.
45
of 91
Libbie Hyman (Dec. 6, 1888-Aug. 3, 1969)
Giraffes in the savannah, Kenya
Anton Petrus / Getty Images
A zoologist, Libbie Hyman graduated with a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, then worked in a research laboratory on campus. She produced a laboratory manual on vertebrate anatomy, and when she could live on the royalties, she moved on to a writing career, focusing on invertebrates. Her five-volume work on invertebrates was influential among zoologists.
46
of 91
Hypatia of Alexandria (A.D. 355-416)
Hypatia
Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images
Hypatia was a pagan philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who may have invented the plane astrolabe, the graduated brass hydrometer, and the hydroscope, with her student and colleague, Synesius.
47
of 91
Doris F. Jonas (May 21, 1916-Jan. 2, 2002)
Elephant and Man hometown in the field on during sunrise ,Surin Thailand
Photographer / Getty Images
A social anthropologist by education, Doris F. Jonas wrote on psychiatry, psychology, and anthropology. Some of her work was co-authored with her first husband, David Jonas. She was an early writer on the relationship of mother-child bonding to language development.
48
of 91
Mary-Claire King (Born Feb. 27, 1946)
President Obama Awards National Medals Of Science And Nat'l Medals Of Technology And Innovation
Drew Angerer / Getty Images
A researcher studying genetics and breast cancer, King is also noted for the then-surprising conclusion that humans and chimpanzees are quite closely related. She used genetic testing in the 1980s to reunite children with their families after a civil war in Argentina.
49
of 91
Nicole King (Born 1970)
Candida auris fungi, illustration
KATERYNA KON/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Nicole King studies the evolution of multicellular organisms, including the contribution of one-celled organisms (choanoflagellates), stimulated by bacteria, to that evolution.
50
of 91
Sofia Kovalevskaya (Jan. 15, 1850-Feb. 10, 1891)
Trigonometry On Blackboard In Classroom
Jasmin Awad / EyeEm / Getty Images
Sofia Kovalevskaya, mathematician and novelist, was the first woman to hold a university chair in 19th-century Europe and the first woman on the editorial staff of a mathematical journal.
51
of 91
Mary Leakey (Feb. 6, 1913-Dec. 9, 1996)
John Eberhardt (left), Mary Leakey (center), and Donald S. Fredrickson (right) at Mary Leakey's early man lecture.
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
Mary Leakey studied early humans and hominids at Olduvai Gorge and Laetoli in East Africa. Some of her discoveries were originally credited to her husband and co-worker, Louis Leakey. Her discovery of footprints in 1976 confirmed that australopithecines walked on two feet 3.75 million years ago.
52
of 91
Esther Lederberg (Dec. 18, 1922-Nov. 11, 2006)
Bacteria in a petri dish
WLADIMIR BULGAR/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Esther Lederberg created a technique for studying bacteria and viruses called replica plating. Her husband used this technique in winning a Nobel Prize. She also discovered that bacteria mutate randomly, explaining the resistance that is developed to antibiotics, and discovered the lambda phage virus.
53
of 91
Inge Lehmann (May 13, 1888-Feb. 21, 1993)
Seismogragh
gpflman / Getty Images
Inge Lehmann was a Danish seismologist and geologist whose work led to the discovery that the earth's core is solid, not liquid as previously thought. She lived until 104 and was active in the field until her last years.
54
of 91
Rita Levi-Montalcini (April 22, 1909-Dec. 30, 2012)
Rita Levi-Montalcini, 2008
Morena Brengola/Getty Images
Rita Levi-Montalcini hid from the Nazis in her native Italy, prohibited because she was a Jew from working in academia or practicing medicine, and started her work on chicken embryos. That research eventually won her a Nobel Prize for discovering nerve growth factor, changing how doctors understand, diagnosis, and treat some disorders like Alzheimer's disease.
55
of 91
Ada Lovelace (Dec. 10, 1815-Nov. 27, 1852)
Mathematical formulas
Anton Belitskiy / Getty Images
Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace, was an English mathematician who is credited with inventing the first rudimentary system of computation that would later be used in computer languages and programming. Her experiments with Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine led to her developing the first algorithms.
56
of 91
Wangari Maathai (April 1, 1940-Sept. 25, 2011)
Kenyan activist Wangari Maathai
Corbis via Getty Images / Getty Images
Founder of the Green Belt movement in Kenya, Wangari Maathai was the first woman in central or eastern Africa to earn a Ph.D., and the first woman head of a university department in Kenya. She was also the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
57
of 91
Lynn Margulis (March 15, 1938-Nov. 22, 2011)
Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of mitochondrion
Science Photo Library - STEVE GSCHMEISSNER. / Getty Images
Lynn Margulis is best known for researching DNA inheritance through mitochondria and chloroplasts, and originating the endosymbiotic theory of cells, showing how cells cooperate in the process of adaptation. Lynn Margulis was married to Carl Sagan, with whom she had two sons. Her second marriage was to Thomas Margulis, a crystallographer, with whom she had a daughter and a son.
58
of 91
Maria the Jewess (1st century A.D.)
Maria the Jewess
Wellcome Images (CC BY 4.0) via Wikimedia Commons
Mary (Maria) the Jewess worked in Alexandria as an alchemist, experimenting with distillation. Two of her inventions, the tribokos and the kerotakis, became standard tools used for chemical experiments and alchemy. Some historians also credit Mary with discovering hydrochloric acid.
59
of 91
Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902-Sept. 2, 1992)
Barbara McClintock, 1983
Keystone / Getty Images
Geneticist Barbara McClintock won the 1983 Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for her discovery of transposable genes. Her study of corn chromosomes led the first map of its genetic sequence and laid the foundation for many of the field's advances.
60
of 91
Margaret Mead (Dec. 16, 1901-Nov. 15, 1978)
Anthropologist Margaret Mead Gives A Radio Interview
Hulton Archive / Getty Images
Anthropologist Margaret Mead, a curator of ethnology at the American Museum of Natural History from 1928 to her retirement in 1969, published her famous Coming of Age in Samoa in 1928, receiving her Ph.D. from Columbia in 1929. The book, which claimed that girls and boys in the Samoan culture were both taught to and allowed to value their sexuality, was heralded as groundbreaking at the time although some of her findings have been refuted by contemporary research.
61
of 91
Lise Meitner (Nov. 7, 1878-Oct. 27, 1968)
Physicist Dr. Lise Meitner
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch worked together to develop the theory of nuclear fission, the physics behind the atomic bomb. In 1944, Otto Hahn won the Nobel Prize in physics for work that Lise Meitner had shared in, but Meitner was slighted by the Nobel committee.
62
of 91
Maria Sibylla Merian (April 2, 1647-Jan. 13, 1717)
Monarch butterfly perching on leaf
PBNJ Productions / Getty Images
Maria Sibylla Merian illustrated plants and insects, making detailed observations to guide her. She documented, illustrated, and wrote about the metamorphosis of a butterfly.
63
of 91
Maria Mitchell (August 1, 1818-June 28, 1889)
Maria Mitchell And Her Students
Interim Archives / Getty Images
Maria Mitchell was the first professional woman astronomer in the United States and the first female member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is remembered for discovering comet C/1847 T1 in 1847, which was heralded at the time as "Miss Mitchell's comet" in the media.
64
of 91
Nancy A. Moran (Born Dec. 21, 1954)
Enterobacteriaceae bacteria
KTSDESIGN/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Nancy Moran's work has been in the field of evolutionary ecology. Her work informs our understanding of how bacteria evolve in response to the evolution of the host's mechanisms for defeating the bacteria.
65
of 91
May-Britt Moser (Born Jan. 4, 1963)
The Nobel Prize Laureates in Medicine 2014: Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser and John Michael O'Keefe at a press conference in December 2014
Gunnar K. Hansen/NTNU/Wikimedia Commons/CC-BY-SA-2.0
A Norwegian neuroscientist, May-Britt Moser was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. She and her co-researchers discovered cells close to the hippocampus that help determine spatial representation or position. The work has been applied to neurological diseases including Alzheimer's.
66
of 91
Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820-Aug. 13, 1910)
Florence Nightingale with her owl, Athena
SuperStock / Getty Images
Florence Nightingale is remembered as the founder of modern nursing as a trained profession. Her work in the Crimean War established a medical precedent for sanitary conditions in wartime hospitals. She also invented the pie chart.
67
of 91
Emmy Noether (March 23, 1882-April 14, 1935)
Emmy Noether
Pictorial Parade / Getty Images
Called "the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began" by Albert Einstein, Emmy Noether escaped Germany when the Nazis took over and taught in America for several years before her early death.
68
of 91
Antonia Novello (Born Aug. 23, 1944)
Antonia Novello
Public domain
Antonia Novello served as U.S. surgeon general from 1990 to 1993, the first Hispanic and the first woman to hold that position. As a physician and medical professor, she focused on pediatrics and child health.
69
of 91
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900-Dec. 7, 1979)
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
Smithsonian Institution from United States/Wikimedia Commons via Flickr/Public Domain
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin earned her first Ph.D. in astronomy from Radcliffe College. Her dissertation demonstrated how helium and hydrogen were more abundant in stars than on earth, and that hydrogen was the most abundant and by implication, though it was against conventional wisdom, that the sun was mostly hydrogen.
She worked at Harvard, originally with no formal position beyond "astronomer." The courses she taught were not officially listed in the school's catalog until 1945. She later was appointed a full professor and then head of the department, the first woman to hold such a title at Harvard.
70
of 91
Elena Cornaro Piscopia (June 5, 1646-July 26, 1684)
University of Padua
By Leon petrosyan (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Wikimedia Commons
Elena Piscopia was an Italian philosopher and mathematician who became the first woman to earn a doctoral degree. After graduating, she lectured on math at the University of Padua. She is honored with a stained-glass window at Vassar College in New York.
71
of 91
Margaret Profet (Born Aug. 7, 1958)
Fuzzy dandelion seeds in a spider web
Teresa Lett / Getty Images
With training in political philosophy and physics, Margaret (Margie) Profet created scientific controversy and developed a reputation as a maverick with her theories about the evolution of menstruation, morning sickness, and allergies. Her work on allergies, in particular, has been of interest to scientists who have long noted that people with allergies have a lower risk of some cancers.
72
of 91
Dixy Lee Ray (Sept. 3, 1914-Jan. 3, 1994)
Dixy Lee Ray
Smithsonian Institution from United States/Wikimedia Commons via Flickr/Public Domain
A marine biologist and environmentalist, Dixy Lee Ray taught at the University of Washington. She was tapped by President Richard M. Nixon to head the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), where she defended nuclear power plants as environmentally responsible. In 1976, she ran for governor of Washington state, winning one term, then losing the Democratic primary in 1980.
73
of 91
Ellen Swallow Richards (Dec. 3, 1842-March 30, 1911)
Eptifibatide anticoagulant drug molecule
MOLEKUUL/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
Ellen Swallow Richards was the first woman in the United States to be accepted at a scientific school. A chemist, she's credited with founding the discipline of home economics.
74
of 91
Sally Ride (May 26, 1951-July 23, 2012)
Sally Ride
Space Frontiers / Getty Images
Sally Ride was a U.S. astronaut and physicist who was one of the first six women recruited by NASA for its space program. In 1983, Ride became the first American woman in space as part of the crew aboard the space shuttle Challenger. After leaving NASA in the late '80s, Sally Ride taught physics and wrote a number of books.
75
of 91
Florence Sabin (Nov. 9, 1871-Oct. 3, 1953)
Portrait of Career Women at Tribute Dinner
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Called the "first lady of American science," Florence Sabin studied the lymphatic and immune systems. She was the first female to hold a full professorship at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where she had begun studying in 1896. She advocated for women's rights and higher education.
76
of 91
Margaret Sanger (Sept. 14, 1879-Sept. 6, 1966)
Portrait Of Margaret Sanger
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Margaret Sanger was a nurse who promoted birth control as a means by which a woman could exercise control over her life and health. She opened the first birth-control clinic in 1916 and fought a number of legal challenges over the coming years to make family planning and women's medicine safe and legal. Sanger's advocacy laid the groundwork for Planned Parenthood.
77
of 91
Charlotte Angas Scott (June 8, 1858-Nov. 10, 1931)
Campus of Rosemont College in Autumn
aimintang / Getty Images
Charlotte Angas Scott was the first head of the mathematics department at Bryn Mawr College. She also initiated the College Entrance Examination Board and helped organize the American Mathematical Society.
78
of 91
Lydia White Shattuck (June 10, 1822-Nov. 2, 1889)
Mount Holyoke Seminary
Smith Collection/Gado / Getty Images
An early graduate of Mount Holyoke Seminary, Lydia White Shattuck became a faculty member there, where she remained until her retirement in 1888, just a few months before her death. She taught many science and math topics, including algebra, geometry, physics, astronomy, and natural philosophy. She was internationally known as a botanist.
79
of 91
Mary Somerville (Dec. 26, 1780-Nov. 29, 1872)
Somerville College, Woodstock Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, 1895. Artist: Henry Taunt
Heritage Images/Getty Images / Getty Images
Mary Somerville was one of the first two women admitted to the Royal Astronomical Society whose research anticipated the discovery of the planet Neptune. She was dubbed "queen of 19th-century science" by a newspaper on her death. Somerville College, Oxford University, is named for her.
80
of 91
Sarah Ann Hackett Stevenson (Feb. 2, 1841-Aug. 14, 1909)
New beginnings.
Petri Oeschger / Getty Images
Sarah Stevenson was a pioneer woman physician and medical teacher, a professor of obstetrics and the American Medical Association's first female member.
81
of 91
Alicia Stott (June 8, 1860-Dec. 17, 1940)
Percentage Sign Consists of Pencil and Pie Chart
MirageC / Getty Images
Alicia Stott was a British mathematician known for her models of three- and four-dimensional geometric figures. She never held a formal academic position but was recognized for her contributions to mathematics with honorary degrees and other awards.
82
of 91
Helen Taussig (May 24, 1898-May 20, 1986)
Helen B. Taussig Testifying Before Senate
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Pediatric cardiologist Helen Brooke Taussig is credited with discovering the cause of "blue baby" syndrome, a cardiopulmonary condition often fatal in newborns. Taussing codeveloped a medical implement called the Blalock-Taussig shunt to correct the condition. She was also responsible for identifying the drug Thalidomide as the cause of a rash of birth defects in Europe.
83
of 91
Shirley M. Tilghman (Born Sept. 17, 1946)
Professor And Columnist Paul Krugman Wins Nobel In Economics
Jeff Zelevansky / Getty Images
A Canadian molecular biologist with several prestigious teaching awards, Tilghman worked on gene cloning and on embryonic development and genetic regulation. In 2001, she became the first woman president of Princeton University, serving until 2013.
84
of 91
Sheila Tobias (Born April 26, 1935)
Girl counting with fingers and writing in notebook
JGI/Jamie Grill / Getty Images
Mathematician and scientist Sheila Tobias is best known for her book Overcoming Math Anxiety, about women's experience of math education. She has researched and written extensively about gender issues in math and science education.
85
of 91
Trota of Salerno (Died 1097)
Trotula De Ornatu Mulierum
PHGCOM [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
Trota is credited with compiling a book on women's health that was widely used in the 12th century called the Trotula. Historians consider the medical text one of the first of its kind. She was a practicing gynecologist in Salerno, Italy, but little else is known about her.
86
of 91
Lydia Villa-Komaroff (Born August 7, 1947)
DNA strand, illustration
ALFRED PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY / Getty Images
A molecular biologist, Lydia Villa-Komaroff is known for her work with recombinant DNA that contributed to developing insulin from bacteria. She has researched or taught at Harvard, the University of Massachusetts, and Northwestern. She was only the third Mexican-American to be awarded a science Ph.D. and has won many awards and recognition for her achievements.
87
of 91
Elisabeth S. Vrba (Born May 17, 1942)
Elisabeth Vrba
By Gerbil (CC BY-SA 3.0) via Wikimedia Commons
Elisabeth Vrba is a noted German paleontologist who has spent much of her career at Yale University. She is known for her research into how climate affects species evolution over time, a theory known as the turnover-pulse hypothesis.
88
of 91
Fanny Bullock Workman (Jan. 8, 1859-Jan. 22, 1925)
Lava and moss landscape, Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
Arctic-Images / Getty Images
Workman was a cartographer, geographer, explorer, and journalist who chronicled her many adventures around the world. One of the first female mountaineers, she made multiple trips to the Himalayas at the turn of the century and set a number of climbing records.
89
of 91
Chien-Shiung Wu (May 29, 1912-Feb.16, 1997)
Chien-Shiung Wu in a Laboratory
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Chinese physicist Chien-Shiung Wu worked with Dr. Tsung Dao Lee and Dr. Ning Yang at Columbia University. She experimentally disproved the "parity principle" in nuclear physics, and when Lee and Yang won the Nobel Prize in 1957 for this work, they credited her work as being key to the discovery. Chien-Shiung Wu worked on the atomic bomb for the United States during World War II at Columbia's Division of War Research and taught university-level physics.
90
of 91
Xilingshi (2700–2640 BCE)
many cocoon's strings gather up
Yuji Sakai / Getty Images
Xilinshi, also known as Lei-tzu or Si Ling-chi, was a Chinese empress who is generally credited with having discovered how to produce silk from silkworms.The Chinese were able to keep this process secret from the rest of the world for more than 2,000 years, creating a monopoly on silk fabric production. This monopoly led to a lucrative trade in silk fabric.
91
of 91
Rosalyn Yalow (July 19, 1921-May 30, 2011)
Dr. Rosalyn Yalow...
Bettmann Archive / Getty Images
Yalow developed a technique called radioimmunoassay (RIA), which allows researchers and technicians to measure biological substances using only a small sample of a patient's blood. She shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with her co-workers on this discovery.
Featured Video
Female Scientists Won't Be Silenced by Trump
Chien-Shiung Wu in a Laboratory
Chien-Shiung Wu: A Pioneering Female Physicist
Marie Curie may be the most famous woman in chemistry, but she isn't the only one.
Women in Chemistry - Famous Female Chemists
1930s TWO WOMEN ONE MAN...
Women Scientists Everyone Should Know
Nicole Kidman Rehearses For 'Photograph 51'
Rosalind Franklin
A monument to Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize
Biography of Alfred Nobel, Inventor of Dynamite
Italian Scientist Rita Levi Montalcini at the celebrations of her 100 birthday.
Biography of Rita Levi-Montalcini
Physicist Marie Curie in 1930
Marie Curie: Mother of Modern Physics, Researcher of Radioactivity
Har Gobind Khorana
Har Gobind Khorana: Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Synthetic Gene Pioneer
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Scientist Jane Goodall studies the behavior of a chimpanzee during her research February 15, 1987 in Tanzania
5 Women Scientists Who Influenced the Theory of Evolution
Karl Landsteiner
Karl Landsteiner and the Discovery of the Major Blood Types
Francis Crick
Life and Work of Francis Crick, Co-Discoverer of DNA's Structure
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming: Bacteriologist Who Discovered Penicillin
Harry Houdini Stunt
March Calendar
vera rubin
The Life and Times of Dr. Vera Cooper Rubin: Astronomy Pioneer
smallerAndromeda.jpg
The Life and Discoveries of Astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt
[...]
[*/quote*]
-
(http://www.allaxys.com/~aktenschrank/FRAUENPOWER/CHIEN_SHIUNG_WU_2ECB897A-EA10-4DEE-A8071BF02890BD01_800.jpg)
https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ECB897A-EA10-4DEE-A8071BF02890BD01.jpg
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-little-known-origin-story-behind-the-2022-nobel-prize-in-physics/
[*quote*]
Quantum Physics
The Little-Known Origin Story behind the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics
In 1949 physicist Chien-Shiung Wu devised an experiment that documented evidence of entanglement. Her findings have been hidden in plain sight for more than 70 years
By Michelle Frank on April 1, 2023
Scientific American April 2023 Issue
[*/quote*]
(http://www.allaxys.com/~aktenschrank/FRAUENPOWER/women_are_superior_640.jpg)
-
Physicists endorse a physiologist. For her invention of an electrode. ;D
https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/online/4559/Ida-Henrietta-Hyde
[*quote*]
Ida Henrietta Hyde
8 September 2019
The pioneering physiologist invented the microelectrode and supported aspiring women scientists.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.6.6.20190908a
Ida Henrietta Hyde.
Born on 8 September 1857 in Davenport, Iowa, Ida Henrietta Hyde was one of the first female physiologists, a champion for women scientists, and the inventor of the microelectrode. The daughter of German immigrants, Hyde grew up in Chicago. Forced to leave school at a young age, she went to work as a milliner’s apprentice. By age 24, she was able to attend one year of college at the University of Illinois and became a teacher in the Chicago public school system. In 1889 Hyde enrolled at Cornell University, earning her bachelor’s degree in biology in 1891. In 1893 she was afforded the opportunity to study in Germany through an Association of Collegiate Alumnae fellowship. Because Germany’s universities did not yet admit women, Hyde was forbidden to attend lectures and lab sessions. At Heidelberg University, she studied the assistant’s lecture notes and worked independently. Despite multiple hurdles and delays, she managed to be given the official examination and received her doctorate in 1896. Thus Hyde became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science at Heidelberg, and the third American woman to receive a doctorate in Germany. She was invited to do research at the Zoological Station in Naples, Italy, and then at Harvard Medical School, where she was the first woman ever allowed to do so. In 1897 Hyde helped found the Naples Table Association for Promoting Scientific Research by Women. Over her career she would also endow several scholarships for women science students. In 1898, at age 41, Hyde moved to the University of Kansas, with which she would remain associated until her retirement in 1920. There, she helped found the physiology department and served as its first chair, wrote two textbooks on physiology, and invented a novel microelectrode that could both stimulate cells and record their electrical activity. She became a specialist in the physiology of both invertebrates and vertebrates. In 1902 Hyde became the first woman to be elected to the American Physiological Society. She died in 1945 at age 87. (Photo courtesy of American Physiological Society)
© 2019 American Institute of Physics
[*/quote*]
-
(https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FrXLSy1WAAAn42U?format=jpg&name=small)
https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FrXLSy1WAAAn42U?format=jpg&name=large
-
Oben in der Liste:
"Gertrud Woker (1878–1968), erste Privatdozentin für Chemie an einer deutschsprachigen Universität, außerordentliche Professorin in Bern, auch als Pazifistin und Frauenrechtlerin bekannt"
Das ist sie:
(https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/_processed_/9/3/csm_Woker_Gertrud_ca_1911_wikipedia_ef73eb06cb.jpg)
https://www.gdch.de/fileadmin/_processed_/9/3/csm_Woker_Gertrud_ca_1911_wikipedia_ef73eb06cb.jpg
"Fräulein Dr. Gertrud Woker, der erste weibliche Professor in Deutschland (Leipzig)"
https://www.gdch.de/publikationen/biographien-von-chemikerinnen/gertrud-woker.html
[*quote*]
Gertrud Woker (1878-1968): Visionäre Chemikerin, Frauenrechtlerin und Pazifistin
Mit Arbeiten zur Katalyse und zur Giftigkeit von bleihaltigem Benzin machte die Schweizer Chemikerin Gertrud Woker zunächst Karriere an der Universität Bern. Doch als Frau hatte sie keinen leichten Stand in der Wissenschaft, zumal sie sich vehement für ethische Prinzipien in der Wissenschaft, Gleichberechtigung und den Weltfrieden einsetzte.
Gertrud Woker wurde am 16. Dezember 1878 in Bern als Tochter einer Gelehrtenfamilie geboren. Ihr Vater Philipp Woker (1847-1924), der aus Brilon im östlichen Sauerland stammte, war Historiker und Professor für Kirchenrecht. Bildung und Wissen besaßen in der Familie Woker einen hohen Stellenwert und so war Gertrud Woker eine äußerst begabte und fleißige, manchmal aber auch eigensinnige Schülerin. Sie schloss ihre schulische Ausbildung in allen Fächern mit der Bestnote ab. In der Hoffnung, dass sie sich für eine medizinische Laufbahn entscheiden würde, schickte ihr Vater sie nach dem Schulabschluss nach Erfurt zu einem Onkel, der als Chefarzt tätig war.
Woker aber wollte nicht Ärztin werden, sondern Naturwissenschaftlerin. Mit viel Engagement und Hartnäckigkeit setzte sie sich durch und begann im Jahr 1900 ein Chemiestudium an der Berner Universität. Sie schloss das Studium im Jahr 1903 als 25-Jährige mit einer Promotion in organischer Chemie ab. Ihre Doktorarbeit wurde mit summa cum laude bewertet und das Neue Wiener Tagblatt meldete am 17. Januar 1904: „Innerhalb weniger Jahre hat eine junge Schweizerin, Fräulein Gertrud Woker, an der Universität in Bern folgende Examina bestanden: Abiturienten-, Sekundarlehrer-, Doktor- und Gymnasiallehrerexamen.“
Nach einem Studienaufenthalt in Berlin, bei dem sie sich der physikalischen Chemie zuwandte, erhielt Woker im Jahr 1907 die Lehrbefugnis an der Universität Bern. Sie war damit die erste Privatdozentin für Chemie an einer deutschsprachigen Hochschule. In ihrer Antrittsvorlesung über Katalyse erläuterte sie ihr zukünftiges Forschungsgebiet, das sich zu einem wichtigen wissenschaftlichen Betätigungsfeld an der Grenze zwischen Chemie und Biologie entwickeln sollte. Über diese Lebensphase findet sich eine Meldung vom 16. Juni 1907 im Wochenblatt Wiener Hausfrau: „Die Universität Bern hat mit dem beginnenden Sommersemester ihren zweiten weiblichen Dozenten erhalten. […] Die neue, noch sehr junge Privatdozentin Fräulein Gertrud Woker beendete vor mehreren Jahren ihre chemischen Studien in Bern und wird nun ihre neue Karriere eröffnen mit der Antrittsvorlesung über das Thema ‚Probleme der katalytischen Forschung‘.“ Ab 1911 leitete Woker das Institut für physikalisch-chemische Biologie in Bern. Einen Ruf nach Leipzig im selben Jahr lehnte sie ab.
Den praktischen Nutzen ihrer Erkenntnisse hatte Woker stets im Blick. Schon 1917 wies sie auf die Giftigkeit von bleihaltigem Benzin hin. Sie forderte bleifreien Kraftstoff und veröffentlichte erste, viel beachtete Vorschläge zur Herstellung von bleifreiem Motorenbenzin. Trotz ihrer wissenschaftlichen Erfolge hatte sie als Frau keinen leichten Stand. Erst 1933, nachdem sich ausländische Forscher vehement für sie eingesetzt hatten, wurde sie im Alter von 55 Jahren zur außerordentlichen Professorin befördert.
Woker gilt als Wegbereiterin im zukunftsweisenden Grenzbereich zwischen Chemie, Physik, Pharmazie und Biologie. Ihr 1953 erschienenes Lehrbuch „Die Chemie der natürlichen Alkaloide“ fand viel Anerkennung. Sie veröffentlichte außerdem ein Buch zur Rolle der Katalyse in der analytischen Chemie. Zu erwähnen ist, dass ihre früheren Bücher über die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und den verheerenden Einsatz von Giftgasen in kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen von der Berliner nationalsozialistischen Studentenschaft auf dem Scheiterhaufen verbrannt wurden.
Seit dem Ersten Weltkrieg setzte sich Woker vehement für die Beachtung von ethischen Prinzipien in der Wissenschaft, für den Weltfrieden und für Frauenrechte ein. Wie Clara Immerwahr (1870-1915), die Frau von Fritz Haber (1868-1934), dem späteren Nobelpreisträger und Befürworter des Gaskrieges, engagierte sie sich im Kampf gegen Chemiewaffen, die sie als „Perversion der Wissenschaft“ bezeichnete.
Woker erlebte den Einsatz von Giftgas im Ersten Weltkrieg, die von den USA über Hiroshima und Nagasaki abgeworfenen Atombomben im August 1945 sowie die fatale Wirkung von chemischen Waffen während des Vietnamkrieges. Pazifistische Mitstreiterinnen fand sie ab 1915 in der internationalen Frauenliga für Frieden und Freiheit, dessen Schweizer Zweig sie mitaufbaute.
Als Pazifistin wurde Woker sowohl in der Schweiz als auch in Deutschland als Landesverräterin und Kommunistin gebrandmarkt. Sie bestritt, je „gegen die Notwendigkeit der Landesverteidigung für die Schweiz“ argumentiert zu haben und betonte eindringlich, sie habe „immer nur gegen den Giftgaskrieg Front gemacht“. Sie sprach sich für die nationale Verteidigung aus und war mit Sicherheit keine Kommunistin, sondern stand fest im Glauben der altkatholischen Kirche. Dennoch musste sie zahlreiche Verleumdungen und Geringschätzungen erleben. Schließlich opferte sie ihre wissenschaftliche Karriere dem Weltfrieden – dem „großen Ganzen“, wie sie es formulierte. Ihr wurde eine psychische Krankheit attestiert und die eigene Familie bezeichnete sie als die „verrückte Tante Trudi“. Ihr Antikriegsengagement trug Woker zudem den Spitznamen „Gas-Trudi“ ein. Ihre engsten Kollegen hatten sie so lange zermürbt, bis sie unter Verfolgungswahn litt. Mit 88 Jahren wurde sie in eine Nervenheilanstalt eingeliefert. Dort, in Marin im Kanton Neuenburg, verstarb Gertrud Woker am 13. September 1968 im Alter von 90 Jahren.
Erst Jahre nach ihrem Tod richtete die Universität Bern ein eigenständiges Institut für Biochemie ein. In Bern und anderen Städten tragen Straßen heute den Namen von Getrud Woker.
Quellen
* Franziska Rogger: Der Doktorhut im Besenschrank: Das abenteuerliche Leben der ersten Studentinnen – am Beispiel der Universität Bern, Bern, 1999, S. 178-198.
* Gerit von Leitner: Wollen wir unsere Hände in Unschuld waschen? Gertrud Woker (1878-1968), Chemikerin & Internationale Frauenliga 1915-1968. Weidler Buchverlag, Berlin, 1998
Hinweis
Die in dieser Reihe veröffentlichten Texte erheben nicht den Anspruch einer wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichung. Autoren und andere beteiligte Personen sind keine wissenschaftshistorischen Expertinnen und Experten. Zweck der Reihe ist es, die meist unbekannten Chemikerinnen vorzustellen und an die bekanten Chemikerinnen zu erinnern. Leserinnen und Leser, die mehr wissen wollen, möchten wir ermutigen, wissenschaftliche Quellen zu den vorgestellten Frauen zu studieren. In einigen Fällen gibt es ausführliche chemiehistorische Arbeiten.
Autoren
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Ehlers
Prof. Dr. Heribert Offermanns
Redaktionelle Bearbeitung
Dr. Uta Neubauer
Projektleitung
Dr. Karin J. Schmitz (GDCh-Öffentlichkeitsarbeit)
Verantwortlich für den Inhalt der Biographien sind die Autoren.
Die auf diesen Seiten dargestellten Inhalte sind sorgfältig erarbeitet. Autoren, Redaktion und Herausgeber übernehmen dennoch keine Verantwortung oder Haftung für die Vollständigkeit und Richtigkeit der Inhalte oder für Tippfehler.
[*/quote*]
Jetzt leider zu spät für uns:
[*quote*]
Aktuell: bis zum 1.10.2022 ist in der Mediathek von 3sat ein Film über Gertrud Woker zu sehen:
xhttps://www.3sat.de/film/dokumentarfilm/die-pazifistin---gertrud-woker---eine-vergessene-heldin-100.html
[*/quote*]
Die Webseite bei 3sat ist leider auch schon weg. Glücklicherweise ist sie aber noch im Web-Archive:
http://web.archive.org/web/20220901180048/https://www.3sat.de/film/dokumentarfilm/die-pazifistin---gertrud-woker---eine-vergessene-heldin-100.html
[*quote*]
3SAT
Dokumentarfilm
Film
Die Pazifistin - Gertrud Woker: Eine vergessene Heldin
Gertrud Wokers Werk für die Biochemie ist noch heute von internationaler Bedeutung. Der Dokumentarfilm erzählt das Leben und die Errungenschaften der beeindruckenden Wissenschaftlerin.
Produktionsland und -jahr: SF
Datum: 01.09.2022
Verfügbar weltweit
Verfügbar bis: bis 01.10.2022
Dokumentarfilm
In der Zeit der maßlosen Aufrüstung der beiden Weltkriege warnte die Berner Chemikerin schon früh vor dem Einsatz von Giftgas. Das Porträt von Gertrud Woker (1878-1968) zeigt, dass sich kämpfen lohnt, auch wenn es ausweglos scheint.
Gertrud Woker war die erste promovierte Chemikerin in der Schweiz und die erste Chemie-Privatdozentin an einer deutschsprachigen Universität überhaupt. Ihr Buch zur Katalyse wurde zu einem Standardwerk der Biochemie. Doch sie war nicht nur eine Pionierin der Wissenschaft, sondern auch eine der Friedens- und Frauenbewegung. Schon 1917, als Frauen keineswegs als gleichwertig galten, forderte sie gleichen Lohn für gleiche Arbeit.
Durch ihre Forschung im Bereich Biologie und Chemie erkannte sie früh die verheerenden Langzeitfolgen des Giftgaskriegs und kritisierte die chemische Kriegsführung. Dies brachte sie bald in Konflikt mit der militaristisch motivierten Elite. Sie wurde Opfer von Mobbing, sexistischen Angriffen und Denunziationen. Doch sie kämpfte unaufhaltsam bis ins hohe Alter für Frieden und gegen den Missbrauch der Wissenschaft. Ihr Buch über den Giftgaskrieg erreichte neun Auflagen. Als geisteskrank verleumdet, verbrachte die Pazifistin die letzten Jahre ihres Lebens schließlich in einer psychiatrischen Klinik. So verschwand sie zu Unrecht, aber vielleicht nicht zufällig, aus dem historischen Gedächtnis.
Durch Tagebucheinträge, wissenschaftliche Berichte und Gedichte von Gertrud Woker selbst berührt der Dokumentarfilm von Fabian Chiquet und Matthias Affolter durch Nahbarkeit und ihren schonungslosen Gerechtigkeitssinn. Der Film ist gleichermaßen biografisch wie auch ein Dokument des damaligen Zeitgeschehens und beleuchtet dieses aus der Perspektive einer mutigen Frau, die zu Lebzeiten nicht zum Schweigen gebracht werden konnte.
[*/quote*]
-
Die Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V. (GDCh) / German Chemical Society hat noch mehr Biographien online:
https://www.gdch.de/publikationen/biographien-von-chemikerinnen.html
[*quote*]
Deutsche Pionierinnen der Chemie
Zu den Beiträgen kommen Sie mit einem Klick auf die Fotos. Weitere Biographien folgen in loser Reihenfolge.
Marianne
Baudler
Margot
Becke-Goering
Erica
Cremer
Marga
Faulstich
Lieselotte
Feikes
Marika Geldmacher-
von Mallinckrodt
Hildegard
Hess
Luise
Holzapfel
Elfriede
Husemann
Clara
Immerwahr
Almuth
Klemer
Maria
Kobel
Gertrud Kornfeld
Annelore Köster-
Pflugmacher
Nora Kräutle
Maria-Regina
Kula
Maria
Lipp
Maria-Elisabeth
Michel-Beyerle
Ida
Noddack
Sigrid
Peyerimhoff
Beate
Pfannemüller
Agnes
Pockels
Irmgard
Spiess
Marthe
Vogt
Lili
Wachenheim
Edith
Weyde
Gertrud
Woker
Emma
Wolffhardt
Margarethe
von Wrangell
Wenn wir uns die Preise und Auszeichnungen in der Chemie anschauen, begegnen uns fast nur namhafte Männer. Ist die Chemie eine reine Männerdomäne? Heute sicher nicht mehr! Aber bis zum Jahr 2020 gingen die verliehenen Nobel-Preise an 782 Männer, 56 Frauen (6,7%) und 28 Organisationen (ohne den Nobelpreis für Wirtschaft; Quelle). In der Chemie zählen wir (Stand 2020) sieben Nobel-Preisträgerinnen (3,8%) von insgesamt 185 Ausgezeichneten – immerhin fünf davon in den letzten zwölf Jahren (Quelle):
Carolyn Bertozzi (2022)
Emmanuelle Charpentier (2020)
Jennifer Doudna (2020)
Frances H. Arnold (2018)
Ada Yonath (2010)
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964)
Irène Joliot-Curie (1935)
Marie Curie (1911)
Dazu kommt Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard – eine Biologin und Biochemikerin – die 1995 in der Kategorie Physiologie/Medizin als bisher einzige deutsche Naturwissenschaftlerin mit dem Nobelpreis geehrt wurde.
Aktuell erleben wir, dass immer mehr Frauen mit ihren wissenschaftlichen Leistungen internationale Anerkennung erlangen. Aber bis nach ihnen Preise benannt werden, wird es noch dauern, da dies meist erst nach deren Tod erfolgt.
Im letzten Jahr 2020 hat die GDCh den erstmals nach einer Frau benannten Hildegard-Hamm-Brücher-Preis für Chancengleichheit in der Chemie ausgelobt – ein klares Bekenntnis für mehr Chancengleichheit in der Chemie.
Auch wenn die Chemie im Rückblick von Männern dominiert wurde, gab es immer schon Frauen, die sich davon nicht einschüchtern ließen. Mit Wissensdrang, Hartnäckigkeit und einem Schuss Zivilcourage gingen sie ihren Weg in der Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, öffentlichem Dienst oder auch Politik. Trotz mancher Anfeindungen erlangten sie sogar die Anerkennung seitens der Männer mit denen sie zusammenarbeiteten – darunter auch Nobelpreisträger. Man muss bedenken, dass es am Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts gesellschaftlich noch nicht üblich war, dass Frauen Abitur machten, studierten und dann auch noch ihren Beruf ausübten. Doch leider wurden ihre Leistungen bei Ehrungen, wie der Vergabe von Preisen oder als Namensgeberinnen, nicht berücksichtigt.
Damit diese ersten Frauen in der Chemie nicht in Vergessenheit geraten, haben Prof. Dr. Eberhard Ehlers und Prof. Dr. Heribert Offermanns die Initiative ergriffen, sie posthum zu würdigen und ihre spannenden und vielfältigen Karrierewege in Kurzporträts aufzuzeigen.
Schon 2003 hat der GDCh-Arbeitskreis für Chancengleichheit in der Chemie (AKCC) unter Leitung ihrer Vorsitzenden Dr. Marion Hertel eine Broschüre Chemikerinnen – es gab und es gibt sie mit sieben Porträts und zwei Interviews herausgebracht. Aber es gibt ja noch viel mehr Pionierinnen, an die erinnert werden sollte.
Die GDCh wird nun über das Jahr 2021 verteilt online diese ca. 30 Porträts der ersten Chemikerinnen (bis 1939 geborene) auf ihren Webseiten vorstellen. Durch Ankündigungen in verschiedenen Kanälen wird eine breite Leserschaft erreicht und das Thema übers Jahr lebendig bleiben. Lassen Sie sich beeindrucken und inspirieren von der Leistungskraft und Begeisterung der frühen Chemikerinnen für ihren Beruf. Die GDCh dankt ganz herzlich den beiden Autoren und Prof. Dr. Barbara Albert, TU Darmstadt, für ihre konzeptionelle Beratung.
Wir wünschen Ihnen viel Freude beim Lesen und Diskutieren
Dr. Hildegard Nimmesgern
Vorsitzende der GDCh-Kommission Chancengleichheit
Dr. Karin J. Schmitz
Leiterin GDCh-Öffentlichkeitsarbeit
Januar 2021
[*/quote*]